Module 3 Overview

Module 3 — Array Operations & Broadcasting

Welcome

This module is the heart of “thinking in NumPy.” You’ll learn what a ufunc actually is, the broadcasting rules that let arrays of different shapes combine without you writing a single loop, and how to spot — and fix — code that’s secretly looping in disguise.

Learning goals

• Explain what a universal function (ufunc) is and why operators are ufuncs in disguise
• Apply the three broadcasting rules to predict the output shape of an operation
• Rewrite loop-based numeric code as vectorized NumPy
• Use comparison/logical ufuncs and np.where for vectorized conditionals
• Build pairwise/outer computations with broadcasting instead of nested loops
• Recognize that np.vectorize is a convenience, not a performance tool

Setup — run this first.